Brain gender

Hines M (2004) Brain Gender. New York Oxford University Press. 

Robinson DL, Brunner LJ, Gonzales RA. 2002. Effect of gender and estrous cycle on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in the rat brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26(2) 165-172. 

Postmortem human brain tissue is obviously not subject to as rigorous control as experimental tissue from laboratory animals. As such much care needs to be taken when attempting in situ hybridization with human brain. In addition to the normal factors such as age and gender that need to be controlled with human samples, other factors, such as the immediate premortem state of the individual, the time taken for tissue recovery, and the storage conditions, must also be considered (for review, see Hynd et al., 2003). 

Balfour Dl, Wright AE, et al (2000) The putative role of extra-synaptic mesolimbic dopamine in the neurobiology of nicotine dependence. Behav Brain Res 113(l-2) 73-83 Beatty WW (1979) Gonadal hormones and sex differences in nonreproductive behaviors in rodents organizational and activational influences. Horm Behav 12(2) 112-163 Becker JB (1999) Gender differences in dopaminergic function in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64(4) 803-812... 

Becker IB, Beer ME, et al (1984) Striatal dopamine release stimulated by amphetamine or potassium influence of ovarian hormones and the light-dark cycle. Brain Res 311(1) 157-160 Becker IB, Molenda H, et al (2001) Gender differences in the behavioral responses to cocaine and amphetamine. Implications for mechanisms mediating gender differences in drug abuse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 937 172-187... 

Ballon IH, Keator DB, et al (2005) Gender a major determinant of brain response to nicotine. Int 1 Neuropsychopharmacol 8(1) 17-26... 

Miller MM, Silver J, et al (1984) Effects of gonadal steroids on the in vivo binding of [ l]alpha-bungarotoxin to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res 290(l) 67-75 Mochizuki T, Villemagne VL, et al (1998) Nicotine induced up-regulation of nicotinic receptors in CD-I mice demonstrated with an in vivo radiotracer gender differences. Synapse 30(1) 116-118... 

Smith MA, Davidson J, Ritchie JG, et al The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in patients with post-traumatic stress order. Biol Psychiatry 26 349-355, 1989 Smith MA, Makino S, Kvetnansky R, et al Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 15 1768-1777, 1995 Smith RB, Divoll M, Gillespie WR, et al Effect of subject age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of oral triazolam and temazepam. J Chn Psychopharmacol 3 172-176, 1983... 

Schmidt. M.E., Matochik, J.A., Goldstein, D.S., et al. Gender differences in brain metabolic and plasma catecholamine responses to alpha2-adrenoceptor blockade. 

Yoshii, F., Barker, W.W., Chang, J.Y., Loewenstein, D.. Apicella, A., Smith, D.. et al. Sensitivity of cerebral glucose metabolism to age, gender, brain volume, brain atrophy, and cerebrovascular risk factors. J. Cerebr. Blood Flow Metab. 8(5), 654-661, 1988. 

In this context, gender differences may be an important factor, particularly because women have a greater incidence of depression. Generally, women have lower seizure thresholds than men. Further differences in lateralization of brain function may produce differences in cognitive side effects, particularly fewer side effects with UND ECT in women (132). 

Matthews K, Dailey JW, Matthews C, Tsai TH, Robbins TW. Periodic maternal separation of neonatal rats produces region- and gender-specific effects on biogenic amine content in postmortem adult brain. Syn 2001 40 1-10. 

Stage 3 and 4 are stages of deep sleep and differ only in amount of very slow brain (or delta) waves cycling at 0.5 1 Hz. The amount of deep sleep varies amongst genders and different age groups, and it decreases dramatically from a young age, where it comprises a quarter of one s sleep, to almost nil in males in their seventies. 

Ibarra C, Bertocchi I, Ciana P, Biserni A, Eva C, Maggi A. (2009) Gender-dimorphic activity of brain PPARs in response to changes in the nutritional status (unpublished results). 

Area of the brain within the corpus striatum. Electrocardiographic measure that estimates an entire cycle of electrical depolarization and repolarization and which varies with age, gender and heart rate. 

Dagenais C, Zong J, Ducharme J, et al. Effect of mdrla P-glycoprotein gene disruption, gender, and substrate concentration on brain uptake of selected compounds. Pharm Res 2001 18 957-963. 

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