Chicory

In nature, fmctose (levulose, fmit sugar) is the main sugar in many fmits and vegetables. Honey contains ca 50 wt % fmctose on a dry basis. Sucrose is composed of one unit each of fmctose and dextrose combined to form the disaccharide. Fmctose exists in polymeric form as inulin in plants such as Jemsalem artichokes, chicory, dahlias, and dandeHons, and is Hberated by treatment with acid or enzyme. 

Coffee substitutes, which include roasted chicory, chick peas, cereal, fmit, and vegetable products, have been used in all coffee consuming countries. Although consumers in some locations prefer the noncoffee beverages, they are generally used as lower cost beverage sources. Additionally, it is not unusual for consumers in some of the coffee producing countries to blend coffee with noncoffee materials. 

Chicory is harvested as fleshy roots which are dried, cut to uniform size, and roasted. Chicory contains no caffeine, and on roasting develops an aroma compatible with that of coffee. It gives a high yield, about 70%, of water-soluble soHds with boiling water and can also be extracted and dried in an instant form. Chicory extract has a darker color than does normal coffee brew (55). 

Numerousherbai diureticsare available as over-the-counter (OTQ products. Most plants and herbal extracts available as OTCdiureticsare nontoxic. However, most are either ineffective or no more effective than caffeine. The following are selected herbals reported to possess diuretic activity cetery, chicory, sassafras juniper berries St. John s wort, foxglove, horsetail, licorice, dandelion, digital is purpurea, ephedra, hibiscus parsley, and elderberry. 

Di-D-fructose dianhydrides have also been isolated" from commercial chicory, which is used as an additive for coffee or in coffee substitutes. Chicory is obtained by roasting the roots of chicory (Cichorium sp.), a member of the Compositae, which contains inulin (in its roots) as a storage polysaccharide. 

ROBERFROID M B (1996) Functional effects of food components and the gastrointestinal system chicory fructooligosaccharides. Nutr Rev. 54 S38-42. 

Parameter Witloof chicory Baby food carrot juice Baby food apple/banana Baby food spinach... 

Carrots, sugar beet, fodder beet, beetroot, chicory roots, horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke, parsley roots, swedes... 

Citrus, cotton, melon, watermelon, banana, tomato, eggplant, onion, cabbage, carrot, chicory, leek, maize, hazelnut, potato, rice (straw, grain), air, sweet corn, soybean, French bean, sugar beet, flowers and ornamentals, sunflower, tobacco, soil and water... 

Chicory is a well-known coffee extender and caramel coloring is also used with coffees.15... 

An example of Asteraceae reported to inhibit COX is Cichorium intybus L., or chicory (17). In Asia, Chrysanthemum sinense Sab. (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) and Bidens bipinnata L. are used as anti-inflammatories on account of their likely ability to inhibit COX. 

Cavin C, Delannoy M, Malnoe A, et al. Inhibition of the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase-2 by chicory extract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005 327 742-749. 

Mejer, H., Roepstorff, A., Thamsborg, S. M., Hansen, L. L. and Knudsen, K. E. B. (2005). Effect of feeding with chicory roots on Oesophagostomum dentatum and Ascaris suum infections in pigs . Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the WAAVP, 16-20 October 2005. Christchurch, NZ, p 222. 

Molan, A. L., Duncan, A. J., Barry, T. N. and McNabb, W. C. (2003). Effects of condensed tannins and crude sesquiterpene lactones extracted from chicory on the motility of larvae of deer lungworm and gastrointestinal nematodes . Parasitology International, 52, 209-218. 

Llorach R, Tomas-Barberan FA and Ferreres F. 2004. Lettuce and chicory byproducts as a source of antioxidant phenolic extracts. J Agric Food Chem 52(16) 5109-5116. 

Van Outryve MF, Gosselem F, Joos H and Swings J. 2008. Fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates pathogenic on witloof chicory leaves. J Phytopathol 125(3) 247—256. 

Chicken test, 5 763-764 Chicory, as coffee substitute, 7 268 Child-resistant packaging, 18 28 Chile... 

Lettuce is perhaps the most widely grown member of this family, eaten, along with chicory and endive, as a salad. All three can be very decorative, with leaves in diverse shapes and colors. Some cultivars produce a hearted lettuce individual leaves can be picked from the "loose leaf" types over several weeks. Chicory and endive are often blanched to reduce their bitterness. Using a selection of cultivars, and winter protection under glass, these crops can provide leafy salads all year. They also do well In an unheated greenhouse, and are useful for Intercropping and for growing in containers. 

Dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-mannitol 7 (Scheme 3) in complex (PDB 2AEY) with chicory fructan 1-exohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.153 GH 32) was found to bind in a similar way as does fructose, as well as the fructofuranosyl subunit of sucrose and... 

M. Verhaest, W. Lammens, K. Le Roy, C. J. De Ranter, A. Van Laere, A. Rabijns, and W. Van den Ende, Insights into the fine architecture of the active site of chicory fructan 1-exohydrolase 1-Kestose as substrate vs sucrose as inhibitor, New Phytol., 174 (2007) 90-100. 

Griffin, I. J., Hicks, P. M. D., Heaney, R. H., and Abrams, S. A. (2003). Enriched chicory inulin increases calcium absorption mainly in girls with lower calcium absorption. Nutr. Res. 23, 901-909. 

The catalyzed telomerization of butadiene has been applied to other polysaccharides such as inulin (22) (Fig. 20) which is a polyfructose extracted from Jerusalem artichokes (tuber) or from chicory (roots). This soluble polymer is easily telomerized under mild conditions and the degree of substimtion is also dependent on the reaction conditions [20] (Fig. 20). 

Polyalcohols Sonication, extraction with HjO, (chicory, toffees)/ Carbopac PA 100-quaternary amine NaOH solution PAD [75] ... 

Effect of Thallium on Plants and Animals. On January 29, 1863, R. C. Bottger announced that he had detected spectroscopic traces of thallium in wine, chicory, tobacco, sugar beet, and beech wood, and had concluded that it must be widely diffused in the vegetable kingdom (47, 73). Because of the toxicity of thallium compounds, they are sometimes added in small concentrations to the soil of rodent-infested fields. Too high a concentration of thallium inhibits germination, growth rate, and chlorophyll formation in the crops, especially in rainy weather (78). 

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