Gender control

It is interesting to examine how control for various comorbid factors influences the mortality hazard associated with sleep durations. Comorbidities aside, in Cox proportional hazards models for each gender, controlling only for age and hours of sleep, the sample excess fractions (20) of deaths related to sleep durations other than 7 hr were 16.4% for women and 19.4% for men. These fractions are the percentage of observed deaths that would not have occurred in the 6-year fol-... 

Fossion P, Staner L, Dramaix M, Kempenaers C, Kerkhofs M, Hubain P, Verbanck P, Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P (1998) Does sleep EEG data distinguish between UP, BPI or BPII major depressions An age and gender controlled study. J Affect Disord 49 181-187... 

Knowledge of gender control in extant gymnosperms and angiosperms remains inadequate... 

The topicality of comparative gender control in gymnosperms and angiosperms has been demonstrated by several important papers published since this chapter went to press collectively, they provide both new insights and useful bibliographies. 

Male Pb workers (N=76) and mixed gender controls (N= 13) PbB up to 82 pg/dl NADS activity versus PbB 1 nverse relationship of NADS activity with PbB up to 82 ig/dl Morita et al. (1997)... 

Following chronic exposure, body weights of rats were similar to controls or up to 18% lower than controls at doses of 500 or 1,000 mg/kg/day, respectively (NCI 1976 NTP 1988, 1990). Among the different rat strains tested (ACI, August, Marshall, Osbome-Mendel), one gender was not consistently more sensitive to the... 

The two variables most strongly associated with the occurrence of breast cancer are gender and age. Although one commonly thinks of breast cancer as a disease confined to women, about 1,720 cases of male breast cancer were projected to be diagnosed in the United States in 2006.1 When stage and other known prognostic factors are controlled for, men do not fare any differently from their female counterparts and receive similar treatment regimens. 

Pharmacokinetic studies in patients yielded an estimated product half-life of approximately 20 days (11-50 days range) and the product clearance was found to be variable according to body weight, gender and tumour burden. Safety and efficacy were established by three randomized, controlled trials. The first study was a randomized double-blind trial involving 813 patients. The primary end-point measured was overall survival, which was extended from a median of 15.6 months to 20.3 months. 

Racial/ethnic group membership was expected to be an important factor in an individual s level of trust of these institutions. Controlling for gender, age, education, and income, African Americans were about 40% less likely than whites to trust universities Asians and Hispanics were nearly twice as likely as whites to trust the federal government. However, race/ethnicity was not a factor in trust in the pharmaceutical industry nor in trust in health organizations. 

A study on racial differences in receipt of analgesics found that nearly three-fourths (74%) of white patients compared with 57% of African American patients received analgesics for lower extremity fractures in emergency departments (Todd et al., 2001). An assessment of racial/ethnic differences in physicians prescriptions of patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain found that after adjustment for age, gender, preoperative... 

Postmortem human brain tissue is obviously not subject to as rigorous control as experimental tissue from laboratory animals. As such much care needs to be taken when attempting in situ hybridization with human brain. In addition to the normal factors such as age and gender that need to be controlled with human samples, other factors, such as the immediate premortem state of the individual, the time taken for tissue recovery, and the storage conditions, must also be considered (for review, see Hynd et al., 2003). 

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