Gender testing

Finally, correspondents were asked how frequently gender differences were found 73% said occasionally , 3% said frequently and the rest said never . Of those who saw differences, only one-third found these differences to be clinically significant 5% of the time, while 17% of respondents said that significant differences occurred 10% of the time. This was more than expected, and provides further justification for gender testing. 

Following chronic exposure, body weights of rats were similar to controls or up to 18% lower than controls at doses of 500 or 1,000 mg/kg/day, respectively (NCI 1976 NTP 1988, 1990). Among the different rat strains tested (ACI, August, Marshall, Osbome-Mendel), one gender was not consistently more sensitive to the... 

Lab Test Units Gender Low Age High Age Low Normal High Normal... 

Race is handled precisely as gender was, with the exception that Fisher s exact test is used for the therapy comparison between Active and Placebo. ... 

P-values Age = Wilcoxon rank-sum, Gender = Pearson s chi-square, Race = Fisher s exact test. 

Smith, B. D., Davidson, R. A., Green, R. L. Effects of caffeine and gender on physiology and performance Further tests of a biobehavioral model. Physiology and Behavior 54, 415-522, 1993. 

Four cynomolgus monkeys (gender not stated) were individually exposed via a face mask to a concentration at 60 ppm for 30 min (Purser 1984). Each animal was exposed on three occasions. The same animals were used for hypoxia and hypercapnia tests. HCN, supplied from a standard gas mixture, was diluted with air the concentration was... 

Test species/Strain/Sex/Number Cynomolgus monkeys, 4 per exposure group (gender not stated)... 

Hafner, H Riecher-Rossler, A., An der Heiden, W., Maurer, K., Fatkenheuer, and Loffler, W. 1993. Generating and testing a causal explanation of the gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 23 925—940. 

The test is started with an intradermal and/or epidermal application of the test substance, using the induction dose on young adult guinea pigs of either gender. In the case of female animals, these have to be nulliparous and nonpregnant. For 5 days prior to the test, animals are kept at (20 3)°C with 30-70% relative humidity, conventional laboratory diet, and unlimited access to water. The induction dose is administered to the shoulder region and is followed by the induction period (10-14 days), in which the animals can rest and a possible immune response may develop. It should be noted that the location of the induction dose is kept occluded for the first 48 h after administration. 

Smith BD, Davidson RA, Green RL. (1993). Effects of caffeine and gender on physioiogy and performance further tests of a biobehaviorai modei. Physiol Behav. 54(3) 415-22. 

Prenatal exposure to nicotine impairs auditory and visual attention, and this impairment is gender specific. When smoker or nonsmoker adolescents with or without prenatal exposure to maternal smoking were tested for auditory and visual-selective and divided attention, females exposed to tobacco smoke during adolescence or prenatal development showed reduced performance accuracy. Among males, marked deficits were observed in auditory attention (Jacobsen et al. 2007). 

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