Inulin, absorption

Jackson, A. J. (1981). Intramuscular absorption and regional lymphatic uptake of liposome-entrapped inulin. Drug Metab. Dispos., 9, 535-540. 

Nevertheless, there are reports on enhancement of ocular drug absorption by bile salts [33], surfactants [200], and chelators [149], Newton et al. [35] demonstrated that Azone, an enhancer widely tested in transdermal drug delivery [201], increased the ocular absorption of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, by a factor of 3, thereby prolonging the survival of a corneal allograft. In 1986, Lee et al. [34] reported that 10 pg/mL cytochalasin B, an agent capable of condensing the actin microfilaments, increased the aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body concentrations of topically applied inulin (5 kDa) by about 70% and 700%, respectively, in the albino rabbit. 

I Ahmed, TF Patton. (1987). Disposition of timolol and inulin in the rabbit eye following corneal versus non-corneal absorption. Int J Pharm 38 9-21. 

RE Stratford Jr, LW Carson, S Dodda Kashi, VHL Lee. (1988). Systemic absorption of ocularly administered enkephalinamide and inulin in the albino rabbit Extent, pathways, and vehicle effects. J Pharm Sci 77 838-842. 

Extracellular marker molecules, such as mannitol, inulin, Na-fluorescein, and PEG-400, have been used to verify a tight epithelium they have also been used for testing the effects of enhancers and increased fluid absorption [159],... 

Assessed benefits due to enhanced Ca absorption resulting from the addition of modest amounts of long-chain inulin enriched widi oligofructose in a balanced randomized crossover design. Ca Abs measured using dual-isotope methodology via the ratio of Ca with Ca (intravenous tracer) as it appeared in urine collected over 48 hr. 

On this point, the findings were mixed, as a significant increase in fractional Ca absorption p <. 01) resulting from consumption of 8 g/day of a blend of inulin and FOS was measured in the Houston cohort however, no significant effect was observed in the Omaha cohort. No gastrointestinal issues associated with the use of inulin were reported for these studies. 

Griffin, I. J., Hicks, P. M. D., Heaney, R. H., and Abrams, S. A. (2003). Enriched chicory inulin increases calcium absorption mainly in girls with lower calcium absorption. Nutr. Res. 23, 901-909. 

N.A. Cineole, thujone, ascorbic acid, thiamine, inulin, resin, tannin.100-102 Improve appetite, digestive function, and absorption of nutrients. Antiseptic, a uterine stimulant. 

FOS and oligofuctose are fructose oligomers that are either produced by enzymic conversion of sugar or extracted from chicory, as inulin, and then hydrolysed. These products behave as soluble fibres and prebiotics. In acid conditions, they can hydrolyse, but are usually sufficiently stable for short-shelf-life juices, near-water products with low acid levels or powdered soft drinks. Prebiotic activity varies with preparation and required daily dose can be as low as 2.5-5.0 g/day for shorter chain FOS preparations (DP 2 1). Some positive effects on magnesium absorption and calcium absorption (in some populations) have also been shown (Beghin Meiji, 2001). 

The common bile salts in humans are glycine and taurine conjugates of sodium deoxycho-late (NaDOC) and sodium chenodeoxycholate (CDOC), dihydroxy bile salts, and sodium cholate (NaC, the trihydroxy bile salt). The ability of bile salts to increase transmucosal transport of solutes has been frequently stated [62,81,82]. Generally, the more hydrophobic dihydroxy bile salts act as more effective absorption enhancers in comparison to trihydroxy bile salts. For example, Gullikson et al. [83] have reported that the absorption of inulin, dextran, and albumin in the perfused rat jejunum was enhanced with dihydroxy but not with trihydroxy bile salts. 

Nishihata, T., et al. 1983. Adjuvant effects of glyceryl esters of acetoacetic acid on rectal absorption of insulin and inulin in rabbits. J Pharm Sci 72 280. 

In addition to the corneal route, topically applied ocular drugs may be absorbed via a noncorneal absorption route that involves drug transport across the bulbar conjunctiva and underlying sclera into the uveal tract and vitreous humor.65 The intercellular spaces of the conjunctival epithelium are wider than those of the corneal epithelium. As a result, the conjunctiva has higher permeability than the cornea to agents such as mannitol, inulin, and FITC-dextran.86 The penetration of peptides, however, is limited by enzymatic degradation.87 The limit of molecular size for conjunctival penetration is between 20,000 and 40,000 Da. Vitreous can act as an aqueous and unstirred diffusion barrier to drug permeation.64... 

Oligofructose and inulin are known to lower plasma LDL cholesterol, but their mode of action does not involve inhibiting cholesterol absorption (Beylot, 2005 Kaur and Gupta, 2002). As mentioned earlier, oligofructose and inulin are not viscous fibers but rather serve as excellent fuel sources for beneficial intestinal bacteria, particularly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Boeckner et al., 2001). In this way, changes in intestinal microflora induced... 

Ellegard, L., Andersson, H., and Bosaeus, I. 1997. Inulin and oligofructose do not influence the absorption of cholesterol, or the excretion of cholesterol, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, or bile acids but increases energy excretion in ileostomy subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51, 1-5. 

Comparative spectral studies of sonicated starch pastes, inulin, and some mono-and disaccharides show that decomposition of starch is rather slow. Carbonyl compounds are formed in small amounts, as shown in Fig. 36 in which the concentration of such compounds is manifested by an absorption maximum in the region of 280-300 nm. This formation is, however, not paralleled by the formation of sonication products toxic toward paramecia. The first 8 h of sonication of... 

Activation, dextran and inulin, 189-195 Activation energy of diffusion, 50-52 Additives, effect on percutaneous absorption of drugs in rabbits, 275 Agarose gel, use in liposomal drug delivery system, 267-270 Albumin microspheres intramuscular and intraarticular drug delivery, 204,206,211 preparation, 204,207/... 

Abrams, A.S., Griffin, I.J., Hawthorne, K.M., Liang, L., Gunn, S.K., Darlington, G., and Ellis, K.J., A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82, 471 —476, 2005. 

Coudray, C., Tressol, J.C., Gueux, E., and Rayssinguier, Y., Effects of inulin-type fructans of different chain length and type of branching on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium in rats, Eur. J. Nutr., 42, 91-98, 2003. 

Flux measurements (Schafer et al. 1974). The collection rate (Vc, nl/min) can be measured by the constant bore collection pipette by timed collections. Radioactive tracers can be added to the lumen or bath fluid. For instance, radioactively labelled inulin can be added to the perfusate (Inp) and can be used to measure volume absorption DV = perfusion rate (Vj-Vc). Unidirectional fluxes, bath to lumen and lumen to bath, for any given substance can be quantified, and permeabilities (Px) can be determined ... 

The perfusion rate (Rp) is calculated as the product of the measured collection rate (Rc) and the ratio of inulin concentration in collected tubular fluid and perfusate. Water absorption (Jv) is calculated as the difference between the calculated perfusion rate and the measured collection rate (Rp minus Rc). Jtco2 is calculated as... 

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