Matter view, 7,10 illus

When microscopists began to look at the tissues of living forms they already had in their minds a view of matter as an aggregate of more or less uniform microscopic components. It is therefore understandable that when they saw everywhere agglomerations of more or less spherical halations, they concluded that these optical illusions were the fundamental subunits of animate matter, and when they actually saw cells they had no idea what they were (Harris, 1999, p. 39-... 

The interesting question concerns the justifications within the subset, the justifications of simple sentences which fix the reference of words and thereby constitute the structure of reality. Can sentences like This is a dog be justified and yet false Yes, in two different ways. The first way is when the justification procedure is not executed properly. I may fall victim to an illusion, or I may be too careless. I may then believe that the justification conditions are satisfied, but they are not. In a weak sense, I have justification, but my justified view is wrong. This does not present a difficulty for the view summarized in Figure 2, which maintains that the criteria of identity of entities are identical with justification conditions. One may misjudge whether a justification condition is satisfied. But this does not change the justification condition. Of course, a justification condition should be such that it can be easily and uncontroversially settled whether it is satisfied. (Otherwise it would not be a justification condition.) But it would be far too much to demand that no mistake should be possible about it. If the justification conditions are not affected by the occasional mistakes, they may fix the reference of words and provide criteria of identity. The occasional mistakes just do not matter. 

The play s climactic final scene locates the kiss at a precarious boundary not only between two bodies, but between life and death, spirit and matter. Upon viewing the painted body, the Tyrant surrenders himself with pleasure to his newly reinforced illusion that the Lady lives. He explodes with joy, but only briefly ... 

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